An electric vehicle charging station access equilibrium model with M/D/C queueing

Despite the dependency of electric vehicle (EV) fleets on charging station availability, infrastructure remains limited in many cities. Three contributions are made. First, we propose an EV-to-charging user equilibrium (UE) assignment model with a M/D/C queue approximation as nondifferentiable nonlinear program. Second, to address non-differentiability delay function, original solution algorithm based derivative-free Method Successive Averages. Computational tests toy network show that converges UE. A working code Python is provided free Github detailed test cases. Third, applied large-scale case study New York City Department Citywide Administrative Services (NYC DCAS) fleet and EV configuration July 8, 2020, which includes unique, real data for 563 Level 2 chargers 4 Direct Current Fast Chargers (DCFCs) 1484 EVs distributed over 512 Traffic Analysis Zones. The arrival rates calibrated base scenario fit observed average utilization ratio 7.6% NYC. then compare investment policies DCFCs stations two alternative criteria. Results suggest policy selecting locations high instead delay.